The journal applies retraction procedures in accordance with COPE recommendations.

Grounds for article retraction
Retraction may be carried out in the following cases:

• identification of significant errors affecting the research results;

• plagiarism or duplicate publication;

• fabrication or falsification of data;

• violation of ethical requirements for conducting research;

• improper attribution of authorship;

• other serious violations of publication ethics.

Initiators of retraction
The retraction procedure may be initiated by:

• the author(s) of the article;

• the Editorial Board;

• the authors’ research or educational institution;

• other individuals or organizations, provided that proper evidence is available.

Retraction procedure
The article retraction process includes:

1. identification of a possible violation;

2. preliminary review of the situation by the Editorial Office;

3. investigation and receipt of explanations from the authors;

4. decision-making by the Editorial Board;

5. publication of an official retraction notice.

Retraction notice
The official notice must contain:

• the title of the retracted article;

• the names of the authors;

• the publication date;

• the reason for retraction;

• information about the initiator of the procedure;

• the date of retraction.

Technical implementation
After retraction:

• the article remains available in open access with the label “Retracted”;

• the article’s DOI remains active;

• information about the retraction is transmitted to scientometric databases;

• a corresponding notice is added to the journal archive.